In A Brief History of Time (Bantam Books, 1988), Stephen Hawking tells the story of an elderly woman who confronted Bertrand Russell at the end of a lecture on orbital mechanics, claiming she had a theory superior to his. "We don't live on a ball revolving around the Sun," she said, "we live on a crust of earth on the back of a giant turtle." Wishing to humor the woman Russell asked, "And what does this turtle stand on?" "On the back of a second, still larger turtle," was her confident answer. "But what holds up the second turtle?" he persisted, now in a slightly exasperated tone. "It's no use, young man," the old woman replied, "it's turtles all the way down." Stephen Hawking in BriefHistoryOfTime starts with the same anecdote. A well-known scientist (some say it was Bertrand Russell) once gave a public lecture on astronomy. He described how the earth orbits around the sun and how the sun, in turn, orbits around the center of a vast collection of stars called our galaxy. At the end of the lecture, a little old lady at the back of the room got up and said: "What you have told us is rubbish. The world is really a flat plate supported on the back of a giant tortoise." The scientist gave a superior smile before replying, "What is the tortoise standing on?" "You're very clever, young man, very clever," said the old lady. "But it's turtles all the way down."